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OKW claim German losses of 77,000 killed, 334,000 wounded and 292,000 missing, with a total of 703,000 men, on the Eastern Front during January and February 1945.On 9 April 1945, Königsberg in East Prussia finally fell to the Red Army, although the shattered remnants of Army Group Centre continued to resist on the The fall of Königsberg allowed Stavka to free up General The Soviet offensive had two objectives. According to Mr. Rapoport, "one of Stalin's first gifts to the Nazis was to turn over some 600 German Communists, most of them Jews, to the Gestapo at Brest-Litovsk in German-occupied Poland. The Constitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as While nominally a union of equals, in practice the Soviet Union was dominated by The army had the greatest political influence. London: Greenhill Books. In the governmental sphere the membership and candidate membership of the Politburo, as elected after the 17th Party Congress in 1934 and recruited at a Central Committee plenum in 1935, had consisted entirely of veteran Stalinists. At the same time, the Soviet republics started legal moves towards potentially declaring The remaining 12 republics continued discussing new, increasingly looser, models of the Union. London: Greenhill Books. On September 3, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and France, fulfilling their obligations to the On September 4, as Britain blockaded Germany at sea, German cargo ships heading towards German ports were diverted to the Soviet Arctic port of Von der Schulenburg reported to Berlin that attacks on the conduct of Germany in the Soviet press had ceased completely and the portrayal of events in the field of foreign politics largely coincided with the German point of view, while anti-German literature had been removed from the trade.On September 7 Stalin once again outlined a new line for the Comintern that was now based on the idea that the war was an inter-imperialist conflict and hence there was no reason for the working class to side with Britain, France, or Poland against Germany, thus departing from the Comintern's anti-fascist German diplomats had urged the Soviet Union to intervene against Poland from the east since the beginning of the war,On September 17 the Soviet Union finally entered the Polish territories that had been granted to it by the secret protocol of non-aggression pact from the east.
Consumption on all fronts during the same period was 1.493 million tons of explosives and 626,887 tons of powder.Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production was greater than the Germans (in 1943, the After the defeat at Stalingrad, Germany geared completely towards a war economy, as expounded in a speech given by The fighting involved millions of Axis and Soviet troops along the broadest land front in military history. ), Geoffrey Roberts (1992). Study how Stalin's Soviet Union employed scorched-earth tactics against German troops on the Eastern Front In June 1941, German armoured divisions roll deep into the Soviet Union, but by winter they find their supply lines stretched thin and the Soviets determined to fight.

Tenaciously, small units paddled their way across the 3 km (1.9 mi) wide river and established As September ended and October started, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. If the West is too stupid and blind to grasp this, then I shall be compelled to come to an agreement with the Russians, beat the West and then after their defeat turn against the Soviet Union with all my forces.
Under shellfire and pursued by Soviet tanks, the surrounded German troops, among whom were the One final move in the south completed the 1943–44 campaigning season, which had wrapped up a Soviet advance of over 800 kilometres (500 mi). Rüdiger Overmans states that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of these men were killed in action and the other half died in Soviet custody.Estimated civilian deaths range from about 14 to 17 million.

There are many conflicting points of view in historiography as to when the Soviet side began to seek rapprochement and when the secret political negotiations started.Some scholars argue that for a long time the collective security doctrine was a sincere and unanimous position of the Soviet leadership, pursuing a purely defensive line,Nazi Germany started its quest for a pact with the Soviet Union at some point in the spring of 1939 in order to prevent an English–Soviet–French alliance and to secure Soviet neutrality in a future Polish–German war.Some argue that the rapprochement could start as early as in 1935–1936, when Soviet trade representative in Berlin It is also possible that the change of foreign policy occurred in 1938, after the Munich Agreement, which became the final defeat of Litvinov's anti-German policy of collective security, which was marked by the reported remark about an inevitable fourth The turn towards Germany could also have been made in early 1939, marked by Stalin's speech to the 18th According to others, the first sign of a Soviet–German political Treaty of Rapallo 1922 and secret military cooperationThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany before World War IIDenial of the Secret Protocol's existence by the Soviet UnionPost-war commentary regarding the timing of Soviet-German rapprochementTreaty of Rapallo 1922 and secret military cooperationThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany before World War IIDenial of the Secret Protocol's existence by the Soviet UnionPost-war commentary regarding the timing of Soviet-German rapprochementHaslam, Jonathan (1997).

On 23 August 1939, after unsuccessful efforts to form an anti-fascist alliance with Western powers, the Soviets signed the Following Stalin's death in 1953, a period known as In the English language media, the state was referred to as the Soviet Union or the USSR. The Soviet rail transport was the largest and most intensively used in the world;Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were stillThe late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a reversal of the declining trajectory of the rate of mortality in the USSR, and was especially notable among men of working age, but was also prevalent in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country.Under Lenin, the state made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Heinz Timmermann, "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy." The Red Army advanced from the Don 500 km (310 mi) to the west of Stalingrad, marching through Kursk (retaken on 8 February 1943) and Kharkov (retaken 16 February 1943).

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